BANGKOK
\nExperts say that the devastating earthquake in Myanmar on Friday was likely the strongest to hit the country in decades, with disaster modelling suggesting thousands could be dead. Automatic assessments from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) said the shallow 7.7-magnitude quake northwest of the central Myanmar city of Sagaing triggered a red alert for shaking-related fatalities and economic losses.
\n\u201cHigh casualties and extensive damage are probable and the disaster is likely widespread,\u201d it said, locating the epicentre near the central Myanmar city of Mandalay, home to more than a million people. Myanmar\u2019s ruling junta said on Saturday morning that the number killed had passed 1,200, with more than 2,000 injured. However, the USGS analysis said there was a 35 percent chance that possible fatalities could be in the range of 10,000-100,000 people.
\nThe USGS offered a similar likelihood that the financial damage could total tens of thousands of millions of dollars, warning that it might exceed the GDP of Myanmar. Weak infrastructure will complicate relief efforts in the isolated, military-ruled state, where rescue services and the healthcare system have already been ravaged by four years of civil war sparked by a military coup in 2021.
\nBill McGuire, emeritus professor of geophysical and climate hazards at University College London (UCL), said it was \u201cprobably the biggest earthquake on the Myanmar mainland in three-quarters of a century\u201d. A 6.7-magnitude aftershock struck minutes after the first and McGuire warned that \u201cmore can be expected\u201d. Rebecca Bell, a tectonics expert at Imperial College London (ICL), suggested it was a side-to-side \u201cstrike-slip\u201d of the Sagaing Fault.
\nThis is where the Indian tectonic plate, to the west, meets the Sunda plate that forms much of Southeast Asia — a fault similar in scale and movement to the San Andreas Fault in California. \u201cThe Sagaing fault is very long, 1,200 kilometres (745 miles), and very straight,\u201d Bell said. \u201cThe straight nature means earthquakes can rupture over large areas — and the larger the area of the fault that slips, the larger the earthquake.\u201d
\nEarthquakes in such cases can be \u201cparticularly destructive\u201d, Bell added, explaining that since the quake takes place at a shallow depth, its seismic energy has dissipated little by the time it reaches populated areas above. That causes \u201ca lot of shaking at the surface\u201d, Bell said.Myanmar has been hit by powerful quakes in the past.
\nThere have been more than 14 earthquakes with a magnitude of 6 or above in the past century, including a magnitude 6.8 earthquake near Mandalay in 1956, said Brian Baptie, a seismologist with the British Geological Survey. Ian Watkinson, from the department of earth sciences at Royal Holloway University of London, said what had changed in recent decades was the \u201cboom in high-rise buildings constructed from reinforced concrete\u201d.
\nMyanmar has been riven by years of conflict and there is a low level of building design enforcement. \u201cCritically, during all previous magnitude 7 or larger earthquakes along the Sagaing Fault, Myanmar was relatively undeveloped, with mostly low-rise timber-framed buildings and brick-built religious monuments,\u201d Watkinson said. \u201cToday\u2019s earthquake is the first test of modern Myanmar\u2019s infrastructure against a large, shallow-focus earthquake close to its major cities.\u201d
\nBaptie said that at least 2.8 million people in Myanmar were in hard-hit areas where most lived in buildings \u201cconstructed from timber and unreinforced brick masonry\u201d that are vulnerable to earthquake shaking. \u201cThe usual mantra is that \u2018earthquakes don\u2019t kill people; collapsing infrastructure does\u2019,\u201d said Ilan Kelman, an expert in disaster reduction at UCL. \u201cGovernments are responsible for planning regulations and building codes.
\nThis disaster exposes what governments of Burma\/Myanmar failed to do long before the earthquake, which would have saved lives during the shaking.\u201dStrong tremors also rocked neighbouring Thailand, where a 30-storey skyscraper under construction was reduced to a pile of dusty concrete, trapping workers in the debris.
\nChristian Malaga-Chuquitaype, from ICL\u2019s civil and environmental engineering department, said the nature of the ground in Bangkok contributed to the impact on the city, despite being some 1,000 kilometres (620 miles) from the epicentre in Myanmar. \u201cEven though Bangkok is far from active faults, its soft soil amplifies the shaking,\u201d he said. \u201cThis affects especially tall buildings during distant earthquakes.\u201d
\nMalaga-Chuquitaype said the construction techniques in Bangkok favouring \u201cflat slabs\u201d — where floors are held only by columns without using strengthening beams, like a table supported only by legs — were a \u201cproblematic design\u201d. He said that initial video analysis of the collapsed tower block in Bangkok suggested this type of construction technique had been used.
\n\u201cIt performs poorly during earthquakes, often failing in a brittle and sudden (almost explosive) manner,\u201d he said. Roberto Gentile, a catastrophe risk modelling expert from UCL, said the \u201cdramatic collapse\u201d of the Bangkok tower block meant that \u201cother tall buildings in the city may require a thorough assessment\u201d.
\nBangkok city authorities said they will deploy more than 100 engineers to inspect buildings for safety after receiving more than 2,000 reports of damage.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
BANGKOK Experts say that the devastating earthquake in Myanmar on Friday was likely the strongest to hit the country in decades, with disaster modelling suggesting thousands could be dead. Automatic assessments from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) said the shallow 7.7-magnitude quake northwest of the central Myanmar city of Sagaing triggered a red alert […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":469987,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-469981","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-world"},"yoast_head":"\n