Almost two decades in the making, an international agreement to protect marine life in international waters and the seabed is due to come into force on Saturday, marking a major step forward in efforts to ensure the health of ocean ecosystems for decades to come.
\nOfficially known as the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Agreement, the legally-binding UN treaty covers the ocean zones that lie beyond national waters (the \u201chigh seas\u201d) and the international seabed area.
\nThese regions make up over two-thirds of the ocean\u2019s surface, representing over 90 per cent of Earth\u2019s habitat by volume. This is because the ocean is deep, and most living space on Earth is underwater.
\nThe BBNJ is designed to transform the \u201chigh seas\u201d and international seabed into an environment to be managed sustainably for the benefit of all humanity.
\nIt is also the first legally-binding ocean instrument to provide for inclusive ocean governance, with provisions on the engagement of Indigenous Peoples and local communities and on gender balance.<\/p>\n
Once it is fully implemented, the Agreement will make a vital contribution to addressing the so-called \u201ctriple planetary crisis\u201d of climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution.
\nSpeaking to UN News, Tanzanian diplomat Mzee Ali Haji, who led his country\u2019s negotiation team during BBNJ discussions, said that the agreement marks a major step in the protection of international waters.
\n\u201cEveryone should bear in mind that there is now control of the activity in the high seas. For instance, when you pollute, you are responsible for your acts\u201d.
\nThe BBNJ strengthens the current international legal framework: it builds on the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea \u2013 in effect the \u201cconstitution for the oceans\u201d \u2013 which has set the rules for maritime and seabed exploitation and marine protection since it came into force in 1994.
\nThe agreement addresses gaps in the Convention, includes more detail on how to manage biodiversity and aligns ocean governance with modern challenges like climate change and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (the UN-brokered blueprint for solving the world\u2019s most intractable challenges).
\nAfter the entry into force, it becomes legally binding for the 81 nations that have ratified it so far, meaning that they agree to incorporate it into their national legislation.
\nThe treaty specifies that it enters into force this Saturday: 120 days after it was ratified \u2013 accepted as legally by binding \u2013 by at least 60 countries.
\nMany major economies have ratified the BBNJ, notably China, Germany, Japan, France and Brazil.
\nChina has a particularly important impact on industries connected to the ocean (such as shipbuilding, aquaculture, fisheries and offshore oil and gas), exporting some $155 billion of ocean-related goods in 2023, according to UN trade agency figures.
\nThe US, the world\u2019s biggest economy, is one of the top five ranked ocean-related goods exporters ($61 billion). Although the country adopted the treaty in 2023, it is not yet ratified, and the Senate has not acted on it.
\nRussia remains one of the minority of nations that has neither adopted nor ratified the treaty, citing its wish to preserve existing governance frameworks, and ensure that freedom of navigation and shipping in international waters is guaranteed.
\nDespite the reluctance of some major economies to commit fully by ratifying, Haji is positive about the impact that the BBNJ, in its current state, will have.
\n \u201cDeveloping countries and small island countries need support,\u201d he says. \u201cWe expect that, in the future, they will accept this agreement, because it will help them. The protection of the high seas is the responsibility of all of us.\u201d
\nThe door remains open for more countries to ratify, which will make it more effective.
\n\u201cWhen you negotiate something, you can\u2019t get 100 percent people to ratify it or to accept it in one term,\u201d says Haji. \u201cSome just observe and then, when they see the advantages, they join. I believe that, in the future others will join\u201d.
\nApart from universal participation, the key to making the BBNJ work will be implementation \u2013 in other words, acting against those who break the rules.
\nAccording to the text of the agreement, the first meeting to monitor progress on both these fronts will take place no later than one year after the Agreement\u2019s entry into force.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Almost two decades in the making, an international agreement to protect marine life in international waters and the seabed is due to come into force on Saturday, marking a major step forward in efforts to ensure the health of ocean ecosystems for decades to come. Officially known as the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Agreement, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":363344,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-525931","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-world"},"yoast_head":"\n