Amin Agha worked as a manual laborer for eight years at Bagram Airfield, the U.S. military’s largest base in Afghanistan.
But as the United States begins its final troop withdrawal from the country, Agha is among hundreds of Afghans who have recently lost their jobs at the facility, the Radio Free Afghanistan reported. The American military has employed tens of thousands of Afghan civilians and contributed significantly to the local economy since the U.S.-led invasion in 2001.
The sharp reduction of foreign forces since the peak of the war in 2011 has inflicted an economic shock on Afghanistan, severely affecting businesses, people’s jobs, and their incomes.
Thousands more Afghans will be affected when the last foreign troops depart by September 11.
Observers warn that a fall in international aid following the pullout will compound the already ominous economic conditions in Afghanistan, where poverty and unemployment are soaring.
“People are in trouble,” says Agha, a 33-year-old construction worker who lives with his family of eight in a village near Bagram Airfield. “Some people who have lost their jobs can’t even afford to feed their families anymore.”
Even as Afghans confront a bleak economic future, many are also bracing for an intensification of the decades-long war after the withdrawal. Many expect the pullout to further undercut the weak Kabul government and encourage the Taliban to seek war instead of peace.
The international military presence has been a key source of employment for Afghans for nearly 20 years, attracting cooks, cleaners, manual laborers, mechanics, translators, and security guards. Afghan businesses were contracted to supply equipment, fuel, fruits, vegetables, and bottled water. Transport companies ferried supplies to and from bases. Construction companies were employed to build bases, including constructing watchtowers and other facilities.
In 2011, when NATO had 130,000 soldiers and around 800 military bases in Afghanistan, the U.S. government and various agencies dispersed some $5 billion directly to Afghan companies as prime contractors, according to the Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR), a U.S. government watchdog.
The foreign military presence even altered the country’s demographics, with an unpublished United Nations report in 2014 estimating that 11.5 million Afghans — around 40 percent of the population — lived within a five-kilometer radius of at least one military base or facility.
In the capital, the livelihoods of nearly 90 percent of Kabul’s population of some 5 million were directly tied to the foreign military presence, according to the UN report. But business has dramatically fallen off since 2014, when tens of thousands of foreign combat troops departed, and the number of bases fell to just 80. Only a dozen such military facilities remain open and they will be closed or transferred to Afghan control by September.
The shrinking foreign military presence has devastated the lucrative logistics and construction sectors. Many Afghan businesses catering to foreigners have closed. Owners have often left the country and taken much-needed cash with them.
The housing bubble, fueled largely by the war economy, has burst, with prices in the capital tumbling. Car dealerships in Kabul also recently reported a significant decrease in business.
The fallout from dwindling international military spending has been exacerbated by worsening security, political uncertainty and, most recently, the coronavirus pandemic.
Economic growth, which stood at more than 14 percent in 2012, fell to just under 4 percent in 2019, according to the World Bank. It is expected to shrink by 5 percent this year.
Afghanistan’s poverty rate has worsened noticeably, rising to 72 percent in 2020, up from 55 percent a year before. Meanwhile, unemployment has surged to nearly 40 percent in 2020, up from around 24 percent in 2019. Observers warn that the dire economic conditions in Afghanistan could be aggravated by reductions in foreign aid.
International development aid to Afghanistan dropped from a high of $6.7 billion in 2011 to $4.2 billion in 2019, according to the World Bank. In November, donors further cut aid, pledging some $3.3 billion in civilian assistance for 2021.
As Afghanistan’s largest foreign donor, the United States has pledged to continue funding the government and the country’s 300,000-strong national army and police force. But foreign assistance to vital aid programs has been shrinking, rights groups say.
“We have already seen that as troops have drawn down in Afghanistan there has been declining engagement by troop-contributing nations and that has often — not always but often –translated into, or at least correlated with, reductions in aid as well,” says Heather Barr, the interim co-director of the Women’s Rights Division at Human Rights Watch (HRW).
As an example, Barr cites women’s access to health care, a sector that has seen significant progress since 2001. But she says declining funds have directly affected women’s access to and quality of care. Rights groups say Afghanistan needs more aid, not less, following the international military withdrawal. Many Afghans fear the pullout will escalate military hostilities, undermining human rights gains and exacerbating the country’s humanitarian crisis.
Some 14 million Afghans face food insecurity and malnutrition, according to the UN. Tens of thousands of people have been displaced in the past year. Meanwhile, a record number of undocumented Afghan migrants — nearly 870,000 — returned mainly from Iran in 2020.
